Thursday, December 21, 2006

Where To Buy Belikin Beer In Canada

Grandma's advice

If you do not eat avocado courage, you should not swim after eating, these maximum safety and the like are recorded with fire in our minds and many follow them without flinching. However the majority of them have no idea if they are true or why they exist. If we look from which these ideas will see that some are empirical explanations that our grandparents did to certain phenomena, interestingly most of them related to eating and health. Others are scientific truths distorted by misunderstanding or misleading and that a good portion of them are outright lies.

MYTH: If you eat avocado and make a strong courage you die
FALSE
Perhaps one of the most popular myths in Mexico, this idea has prevented bilious hundreds of compatriots enjoy a good taco with guacamole. Dr. José Luis Romero is a surgeon gastric Sociomedicina Coordinator in the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Querétaro. He said that in general, foods high in fat stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. Also strong emotions (such as anger) have an effect on the gland, hence the saying that the stones in the gallbladder of a mother bearing the name of each child or husband.

The avocado contains a large amount of vegetable fat. The act of eating avocado promotes hypersecretion of bile from the gallbladder. This hypersecretion can cause a pain in the right flank as if they bring something buried (by the presence of stones or biliary sludge). The fact tantrums can make this process speed up or increase (release of adrenaline).

Conclusion: Eat avocado angry not kill you, but you're probably a good colonic.

know that? According reports filed by the University of Shizuoka, Japan in the International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies 2000, the avocado contains potent ingredients that reduce the liver damage caused by toxins or liver disease. On the evidence offered to a group of mice with liver damage totaling 22 fruits. Of all the avocado was the most efficient in reducing the rate of deterioration of the liver of mice.

MYTH: If you take medicine for worms and drink alcohol you die. False
, but do not try
This is one of those myths that contain a truth misunderstood the reason for the caution is that the deworming drugs are some that contain metronidazole, a substance that when combined with alcohol produces a great discomfort known as Antabuse effect. " Antabuse, says Dr. Jose Luis Romero, was a drug used to treat alcoholism that when combined with the drinks caused a sensation of "imminent death" in whom combined it with alcohol. Antabuse effect is precisely this strong discomfort (sweating, restlessness, anxiety) that occurs when a parasite components are mixed with alcohol.

Conclusion: While there is no danger of death who foolishly combining alcohol with this type of medication is waiting a very, very hard time.

know that? Children using clothes beers or spirits begin drinking before without this kind of clothing. According to a study by Dartmouth Medical School published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in April this year. According to the leader of the study, this paper is a first look at the connection between the clothes of a brand of alcohol and the start of consumption. For the study took a group of 2000 children between 10 and 14 years, it was determined who had not started drinking and these controls were made 2 years later. The experiment found that boys who had hats, shirts, promotional items or other brands of alcoholic beverages were 1.5 times more likely to drink than those without this commodity.

MYTH: You have to wait two hours after eating to help get you to swim.
Partly true
In any pool in the world will always be a mother in English, Japanese or Mandarin recipes to your eager children with this little phrase, but Is it possible to swim after eating? By Dr. Hector Bourges Rodriguez, Director of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", the myth has some truth. The problem is the availability of blood, because digestion with a significant proportion of blood flow is concentrated in the abdomen, in case of increased need and could be the exercise or temperature change probably will not have blood available for other body parts.

The darkest part of the belief this time to wait before entering the water. According to Dr. Bourges, the waiting time depends on the amount of food and every individual. Because each body is different and there are no studies on this issue, try to define how much (food or effort) is complicated by what is not so unreasonable to follow the advice of our mothers and transmit it to the next generation.

Conclusion: if you ate a lot and decide it's a good time to start swimming 500 meters per day, it would be good to wait two hours.

know that? The chlorine in pools can be a factor in the increase in asthma cases in Europe. The journal medicine environmental and occupational "published in July this year the results of a study involving 190.000 children between 13 and 14 years from 21 countries in Europe. Through statistical analysis between the incidence of allergic respiratory diseases and the availability of indoor swimming pools, the researchers found that in Eastern Europe where there are fewer pools per capita levels are lower respiratory allergies. They indicate that the problem may be to increase the exposure of children to chlorine dissolved in water and air in these places.


Myth: After a big scare is necessary to eat bread.
False.
dry throat with fear, obedient hundreds of Mexicans have heeded this myth facing the effort to swallow a piece of bread. The source of the myth seems to be the belief that the bread will pick up the excess bile or digestive juices produced by a shock. In this respect Dr. Hector Bourges said that before the aggression (anger or scare) the human body reacts by raising the production of adrenaline preparing to attack or flee. For some people, stress causes their stomachs to generate more gastric acid which is called gastritis nervous. But contrary to popular belief, eating bread does not solve the problem, in any case would be more effective taking an antacid.

Conclusion: In the words of Dr. Bourges eat bread after fright does not cure or solve any problem, rather it is a gesture of care that helps us feel comforted.

know that? At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Trevor Shen Kuan Ng, a mechanical engineer, he spends his days to amass. His PhD thesis is aimed to know the mechanical properties of matter (for the case: bread dough) and how it behaves when it is subjected to different forces. Their findings will be of great value to the food industry that requires precision and technical repeatable to measure the properties of mass and thus ensure their knowledge and texture.

MYTH: If you drink Coca Cola and aspirin will "cross."
False
Popular
truckers and students, this myth stems from the belief that the two products combine to produce an excited state. According to Dr Fanny Porras, physician customer service call center for Bayer Mexico, this myth is false because aspirin is an analgesic that helps eliminate headaches and malaise, and the coca-cola is a drink so the merge does not mean that it becomes a drug.

Part of the myth that if is true is that the combination of these products have a uplifting effect, since it contains aspirin 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid removes the discomfort and / or headache and soda to contain caffeine and a lot of sugar, produces a state of alert similar to several cups of coffee. The same effect is gained by taking a cafiaspirins because it contains 500 mg of acetylsalicylic acid and 30 mg of caffeine.

Conclusion: consuming these two products did not produce any "altered state" of consciousness, or magical effects from accumulated fatigue.

know that?: A large majority of the population can not detect if a cola containing caffeine or not. In 2000, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions conducted a study to see if people could make the difference as soft drink companies have always said that caffeine is added to improve taste. The problem is an important part of soft drink consumers are children, susceptible to the substance, they become addicted to it (as an adult coffee).


Myth: If you eat cantaloupe or watermelon when you have "raw", you die.

False Next to a big plate of pancakes and a cup of porridge, a food unless advised to Sunday morning is a melon, but we live in error. The myth is linked to an entire culture that exists on the "hot and cold foods," explains Dr. Marcela Romero Zepeda, a researcher at the School of Nutrition at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro. It attaches to the body, certain states in which it is "hot" as in illness, drunkenness, period. The belief is also that in such cases the foods "cold" can lead to a kind of imbalance. This has not been shown, however these processes usually occur coincidentally with acute gastric and / or intestine, for which it is more difficult digestion and absorption of specific foods such as watermelon, cucumber, melon, etc. (Those considered "cold"). Dr Romero thinks that at one time a strong box colitis or gastritis may be complicated by other factors specific to individuals that led to death. However, outside of discomfort there is no reason to believe that it reaches that point.

Conclusion: No, if you eat melon or other fruit to be raw, not die.

know that?: Eating cactus before suffering a hangover helps a hangover less severe. According to a study by Tulane University (USA) in The Archives Internal Medicine of some substances in the skin of the prickly pear cactus and are able to reduce the production of C-reactive protein, established by the liver to process alcohol and responsible for various ailments of the raw

Myth: Taking a tablespoon of cooking oil or butter before drinking prevents you drunk.
Moderately true

The basis of this myth is the belief that the fat covering the stomach wall by preventing the absorption of alcohol. What happens is that fat slows gastric emptying, so that alcohol will be absorbed more slowly, said Dr. Marcella Romero. This does not mean that those who take a spoonful of fat avoid getting drunk, it just made more slowly. This is the reason why the peanuts and snack bars offer fatty and spicy foods to their customers, the customers can enjoy snacks and more, however in the end will leave drunk.

Conclusion: Eating fats or other food before drinking will not prevent you drunk, you will simply slow down. But remember, in the end all alcohol consumed end up in your blood.

Did you know ... A single glass can affect the accuracy of your vision. According to researchers University of Washington even a small amount of alcohol in the blood is sufficient to prevent us from reacting to objects that suddenly enter the field of view if we are focused on something else. Normally the drive back to the house we call the attention of police guarding the speed, not zigzag. In that state of attention and alcohol in the body, the results indicate that we could not see a person, but crossed directly in front of us.



MYTH: Every man in the world, there are 7 women.
False
This myth with a high proportion of male is recurring meetings in which a jilted is present "do not cry for her, remember that for every man there are seven women." Unfortunately for many this is a lie, probably born of the fact that in some animal groups are more numerous females. However, the INEGI clarifies the point in defining the relationship between men and women in Mexico is 94.8 men per 100 women, or 1.5 women per man. This is due to the fact that although more men are born, more men die, the life expectancy of Mexican women is 5 years older than the men.

Conclusion: The myth is false and the ratio is closer to one to one.

Did you know ... women are not only living longer but they complain less, according to a study by University of Michigan published in the American Journal of Medicine. A group of heart patients were asked to rate the discomfort they suffered because of their evil (pain, limitation in daily activities, ect.) Women with a greater number of problems from heart disease, discomfort gave values \u200b\u200bbetween lower to medium. Men, on the other hand, complaints were similar to values \u200b\u200bin medium and severe. Thus women the weaker sex, they perceived their illness as something bearable, while men complained more of the problems associated with its disease.

MYTH: A strong blow to the head causes amnesia.
False
From this belief is supported by the history of various movies and dramas has managed to extend the number of episodes of a telenovela, but contrary to what made us think, the belief that a blow to the head can produce complete amnesia is totally false. According to Dr. Gina Lorena Quirarte Neurobiology Center, UNAM, a blow only result in the neglect of the past at the same time, never hurt the long-term memory, the few cases of amnesia are the product of psychological processes which the patient want to forget something.

Conclusion: A head injury can never leave blank memory.

know that .. In October this year, researchers at the University of California discovered the mechanism by which the brain makes a more detailed memory or learning. Acetylcholine is a substance produced in the human brain, depending on the levels of this neurotransmitter at the time of entering information into the brain, his memory will be more or less detailed. The results of this investigation are the first to link directly to acetylcholine with the quality of a memory or learning, because this information is advanced in the study and treatment of disorders linked to memory.

MYTH: Put the hand of someone sleeping in warm water makes you wet the bed.
False
This myth round many stories of drunkenness, an unfortunate individual who sleeps among his friends, who at night to encourage him a hand soak in warm water to lose all decency and urinate unconscious. Billy Goldberhg is a medical emergency in New York who published the book "Why Do Men Have Nipples?" A collection of questions and answers about beliefs. In his book, Goldberg says there is no medical evidence to confirm this myth, although it is known that warm bath sometimes urinate probably easier because it reduces pressure on the urethra to increase body temperature, but it is very difficult for a moment the hand soak in warm water can cause this effect.

Conclusion: The myth is false and can not cause someone to pee wetting her hand in warm water.

Did you know ... Researchers at the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology in Singapore have created a battery that generates electricity from urine. A little smaller than a credit card and only 1 mm thick, this battery is the solution to energy needs that arise the "biochips" that placed microlabs a human being can monitor glucose levels, cholesterol etc. Composed of copper and magnesium, the small stack requires only 0.2 ml of urine to produce 1.5 V supply.

MYTH: If you swallow chewing gum sticks with you in the stomach.

Another False beliefs that we inherit from our mothers at the earliest ages, it remains in our minds until the day that we repeat to our children for the perpetuation of the species and especially the myth. Gum, like any other food, you can paste anywhere in the digestive system and the walls stomach and intestine are coated with mucus that are repellent to any sticky substance. If this were true we could not chew gum, and also we would stick inside the mouth.

Dr. Goldberg tells us that chewing gum can also help the stomach empty faster, due to sorbitol, a substance used as a sweetener in various brands of chewing gum and sometimes has a laxative effect.

Conclusion: is impossible for anything from sticking to the walls of the stomach.

Did you know ... Chewing gum aids recovery from colon surgery patients. Normally after an operation in the intestine, the activity in this organ stops and takes a while to recover. In a small study conducted by researchers at the Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital in California, were asked to 37 post-operative patients who chewed gum three times a day. The "chewers" were discharged after four days, while those who were not given gum took an average of six days to leave the hospital.

Myth: Using a cell phone can cause brain cancer
False
the late 90's a person in the U.S. state of Florida sued a phone manufacturer cell phone saying that his wife was responsible for the tumor she had in the brain. In his book "Risk, a guide to decide what is really dangerous in the world," David Ropeik and George Gray, experts in risk analysis and public health at Harvard University, explained that the cell phone is a device that emits and receives electromagnetic radiation, but there is evidence to support the fact that such radiation can be a health risk. The reason is that the amount of energy given off by these teams and even the antennas to that now adorn the cities is very small.

Conclusion: So far no nothing to prove that using a cell phone can cause brain cancer.

Did you know ... It's not advisable to use a cell phone during a thunderstorm. In an article published in the British Medical Journal in June this year, three doctors warn the community about the dangers of using such devices during a storm. Usually when a man receives a thunderbolt high electrical resistance of the skin causes the load to run on this without entering the body. The presence of a conductive material such as metals or liquids breaks this flow and can cause the flow to break causing the circulation in the body burden causing damage to internal organs.


Myth: If you get air you get a "crooked"
False
"The answer is absolutely NO" - doctors say Pane Carlo Alfredo Vega and the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery - "always jokingly commented that if this were true, all people who live in Pachuca (the beautiful graceful) or Chicago (windy city) have facial paralysis."

The facial paralysis are caused by some type of facial nerve injury. The number one cause infections are primarily caused the family of viruses called herpes and herpes simplex 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster all extremely common in our country.

Other important causes of facial paralysis are tumors that can be inside or outside of the skull affecting the facial nerve in any part of the journey. Other causes are accidents in which the nerves are injured or much less common factors such as anoxic-ischemic disease (stroke, thrombosis, etc.) or other causes such as genetic processes. Therefore facial paralysis should be evaluated by a specialist to rule out a tumor or serious infections.

Conclusion: Dr. Pane and Dr. Vega concluded "facial paralysis and frights are not, anger or air. If this were true, all who live in the City would face crooked, particularly taxi drivers and minibus "

Did you know ... Besides wrinkles, the distribution of color and skin tone influences perception age in a woman. A recent study published in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior shows that the distribution of color and tone of this color can add between 10 and 12 years of age in a woman perceived. Using three-dimensional images were presented to the Study participants different color schemes in women's faces. Those who were older were assessed as those with uneven skin tone.

Wednesday, November 22, 2006

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A scientific fluke

Do you know dear reader, have in common dynamite, microwave oven and penicillin? We are sure you have the answer on the tip of the tongue and is not to be stuck there tell it to the dynamite, the microwave oven and penicillin were invented a fluke, are the product of chance.

science (which for all is a fancy name and bombastic) has called this serendipity. The term is used to define the power of making a discovery or lucky find by accident. The buzzword that was invented by the English writer Horace Wallpole to describe some of their creations. He in turn took it (which in science is called plagiarism) of a fairy tale called "The Three Princes of Serendip" where they relate the adventures of characters who regularly used their wisdom to find things were not looking.

The man has walked into modernity fluke tip. In this world "serendipities" the vast majority of the discoveries and inventions have been made by chance. However, serendipity is not just winning the lottery, for there is much "memo" in this world who have missed the fact. Louis Pasteur said that in the fields of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind. This is evident in the case of Newton, as a man with less "witted" had made an apple pie instead of the law of gravity.

But as provide "cool" connection between the accident and invention? To not leave with doubt are some of the most famous inventions serendipities:

divine inspiration or boredom hell

The famous yellow leaves (post it) without which it would not be conceivable post-modern world, were invented when an employee 3M Company developed a glue that stuck, frustrated put it away. Some time later when I heard a sermon at church (maybe too long) trying to sort his missal, he came to mind the idea of \u200b\u200busing the glue on small pieces of paper that could stick and take off.

A very moving photo

In their first attempt, Louis Daguerre did not get clear images, your photos were very faint and hardly. Daguerre day I keep one of these photographs in a cabinet of chemicals, to remove later found her with a clear and firm. The closet was full of bottles with chemicals which have been responsible. " Daguerre took out one by one the bottles to find the cause of the effect. When the cabinet was found empty the phenomenon continued to occur, then fixed in one of the shelves had a spot of mercury, the product of a broken thermometer. Then he realized that mercury vapors were the answer to your mystery.

When technology popcorn reached

While investigating a radar apparatus for use as an engineer got a chocolate bar in his pocket. Later when he wanted to eat the chocolate realized that the bar had melted. To see what happened put together several of the devices a little corn. Upon his return he found a pile of popcorn and the answer to fast food.


hooks instead of teeth

After a stroll through the countryside George realized Maestral clothing that had filled with burs. With great curiosity I look under a microscope to understand how so tightly clutched tissues. Discovered that the seeds were covered with tiny hooks tangled in the threads of the fabric. With this idea, De Maestral decided to design a closure based on this model, because it was invented Velcro (Velvet = velvet and crochet = hook)

American Breakfast gives

After having left forgotten for a day, the Kellogg brothers tried to amass a preparation of wheat grain. By passing the roller noted that there was a mass of crushed and flat, but the grains were scaly. By using this process with corn, Kellogs were invented what today can be considered one of the most common breakfast in the world.

you any names in order, the list is really long: Birth control pill, penicillin, vulcanized rubber, X-rays, Viagra, dynamite, chaos theory, saccharin all made by a real chance that did not go unnoticed in the eyes of someone curious and creative. So when you think the man to dominate nature and has reached the top of the technology, do not feel so proud, because this has truly been a fluke.

Replacing Rook Earring

The Placer Act sends the animal or

Are you an animal

When you hear these words do not be offended are the purest truth. The ability to think, create and understand our environment makes us believe that sometimes the masters of nature, but we forget that no more than a hairless ape, controlled by an old instinct, seeking pleasure.

Pleasure is a great idea of \u200b\u200bnature aimed at reinforcing those behaviors necessary for survival. Thanks to him there are many species of animals that still walk the Earth. The scheme is really simple: Why spend on stalking, chasing and catching a prey? "Because food gives pleasure -" To find a partner, beat competitors and reproduce the species? "Because the clones produced pleasure. If we go to less primary aspects, the mechanism work: to analyze and study the environment? Understanding that gives us pleasure. It is just reward and punishment, nature gave us a brain rewards us with pleasure when we do things beneficial to us.

Where does the pleasure? The pleasure is produced by activation of the limbic system, a group of neurons responsible largely on instinct and emotion. It is located in the center of the brain in a structure called the primitive paleocortex that animal brain is still existing in our evolved skull (The animal in us all.) To activate the limbic system is necessary to the discharge of organic substances called neurotransmitters. Secretion is itself generated by the body chemistry in a particular activity: eating, sleeping, copulating, etc..

so powerful What is pleasure? With this question in mind, a group of scientists developed an experiment that was very enlightening: A single electrode was implanted directly into the limbic system, to stimulate electrically. After the electrode was connected to a lever in the monkey cage. What happened? When the animal learned to lever down experienced pleasure, its existence was dedicated to lowering the lever. Existence that was not very long, since the need and obsession with pleasure was that he forgot to eat and drink water. A real death for fun.

This phenomenon explains what happens in the head of an addict, all addictive drugs copied the structure of neurotransmitters and trick the brain causing the activation of "pleasure circuit" of the Limbic System.

drug consumption is related to pleasure, so that the person seeking to use again, again and again. The pursuit of this pleasure is not controllable then lies in the depths of your brain and expressed as an instinct, there is no reason that could block an instinct. Thus even if the addict is aware that it is hurting you can not control the urge to look for another dose. If allowed, and in some cases it happens, the addict could devote their lives (like the monkey in the experiment) to take the drug that produces pleasure.

So when you be angry with a neighbor to call the animal, think that anger is also an instinctive response and therefore further evidence that although the monkey Greek view, it is cute.

Thursday, August 31, 2006

Rear Deck Removal Ponitac Grand Am

Finding the size of the universe in the shine of the stars

Professor Gustav Tammann was director of the Astronomical Institute of the University of Basel, Switzerland, Member of the European Space Agency, Chairman of the Committee of Galaxies of the International Astronomical Union. His research on supernovae and extragalactic distance scales astronomy has given way to determine the distance at which objects are located in deep space and thereby determine the universe's expansion.


Precisely humanist and a practical conception of the universe around him, Gustav Andreas Tammann is a man who understands your needs and place in the universe. This combination of elements are present in what he considered the beginning of his vocation as an astronomer, "the decision to be an astronomer to take it to the four years due to a traumatic experience. In those years told me that God is in heaven, but when you look to heaven, God is not. Then I thought - Ahh, He must be further away, so I can not see - I decided to be an astronomer to see farther "

In simple terms, how is the universe for you?

say that the universe is amazing. When you look you the impression that is built with simple principles. But if you come see these same principles infinitely detailed. Cosmologists say that at the beginning, the universe was linear, ie, had a single temperature, density and this one is simple. But then began to evolve. The universe ceased to be linear and became infinitely complex, until a point in space is completely unlike any other. The most admirable thing is that these simple principles, the cosmos would become so complex as to make proteins.

Why does the universe become so complex?

do not know. I think one of the biggest mysteries of the universe is a violation of the physical principle of entropy. According to this principle, any information in the universe would vanish, the entropy increases continuously. That's a good perfume, invest so much money to get a wonderful scent in a small bottle. Entropy want to destroy the bottle so that one day the bottle is dropped, is broken and the smell evaporates, it is entropy. And so why in a universe that expands, matter is concentrated and the information it contains more and larger? The universe is becoming more "smelly" instead of losing their aroma.

physicists's excuse is that the violation of the principle of entropy is not serious since it is only local. It's like the picture of the mountain and the mouse. The mouse is highly structured but very small and the mountain is huge, but without any structure. So I structured seems unimportant compared to the large size of the mountain. Physicists explain this issue by saying that entropy is a severe violation, but does not explain why it happens. We understand that physicists say that the mouse is not important and we can forget it but why the universe creates a mouse?. As Martin Rees says, "Why does the universe exist effort? Would have been much more simple does not exist.


Can cosmologists are creating a mathematically perfect universe instead of explaining what happens beyond outside.?

Yes, the theories of mathematicians can invent all kinds of universes. Fred Hoyle once said I could invent a new cosmology for tea time. We assume that the space provided has a simple topology and for mathematicians it is not absolutely clear. A mathematician is equally happy if the universe is a donut or a sphere, if you are mathematician can always change the topology of the universe.


So you're in the Solar System, our galaxy is in this universe, and a quasar is there and the light waves move in that space, but we can not distinguish whether the universe is shaped like a donut or a sphere. You can make as many theoretical models as you want and each one more complex. Mathematicians have begun to speak of universes incredible, infinitely large. and when you ask physicists what they think of these models, they say they never could decide on any. Universes raised by mathematicians are possible, but intuitively very unpleasant. Horrible encounter the idea of \u200b\u200ban infinite universe, because it implies that an infinite universe was infinite and the Big Bang, so now is infinitely great and continues to expand at a greater infinity. That is terribly ugly, but mathematically it's nice.

A universe open or a closed universe "which side the coin will fall?

My problem is that if the density in the universe - the value that speaks to the total amount of matter, also called Omega Total - has a value of one, then the universe is infinitely large and infinitely large has always been since the Big Bang. But the funny thing is that if this value is only a little higher, then the cosmos changed to be closed and finite.

The problem is that we do not see how experimentally whether the universe is infinite or finite. The difference between these two worlds can be so terribly small that observers can not decide. That is what mathematicians or theoretical and Freadman wonder and try to solve. I think the idea that we are living in an infinite universe is open and very painful.


Astronomy is largely a matter of numbers, many numbers. One of the most interesting How big is the universe?

The answer is not known and will never be known because we can not distinguish between a finite universe and an infinite universe. In a sense the question is not permissible, because you can only ask about the size of the observable universe. Clearly we can see as far as light has had time to reach us. So if the universe is 15 billion years, you can only catch a glimpse of up to 15 billion light years. That's as far as you can see because there was no light. Then define the size of age.

What is for you a universe of 13 billion years?

an error. As a first approximation is necessary to think that we calculate the age of the universe using the rate at which it expands, ie the Hubble constant. And the amount of matter or density that we have. Over the past six years, scientists say that there is also an acceleration called Lamda, this crazy concept raises the idea that in addition to expanding the universe increases the speed of its expansion. The current belief that speech if the density of the observable universe is equal to 1, this will expand even faster, reaching the final infinite speed.

fashion value Ho (Hubble constant) is 72, people who accept this value and accept the concept of Lamda, estimated age of the universe at 13.7 billion years. I prefer a value of 63 for the Hubble constant, which leads to our universe to 15.6 billion years is an age with which I agree more.

Something that is consistent with this, is the work of Dr. Jordi Cepa, a researcher at the IAC. The told me that he has dated clusters globular in 15 billion years, this contrasts with the age of the universe calculated from a Ho equal to 72, because there can be objects much older than the universe itself. Therefore the value of the constant must be smaller, and 63 is small enough. For my 15.6 billion years is a pretty reasonable age for our universe. I think 72 is an erroneous value for the Hubble constant and therefore it is equally wrong for a universe 13.7 billion years old.

Each response found, the universe rewards us with more questions, where do you currently cosmological research?

I think the big questions of the moment will not be resolved by astronomers. Things like the nature of dark energy are more in the field of particle physics in astronomy. The explanation for dark energy is and its role in shaping the universe is one of the biggest problems, to which astronomy can not contribute much. There are certain observations that could distinguish between Lamnda and called quintessence. But what they really mean each of these phenomena is a problem of physics of astronomy.

The other big question in cosmology is the dark matter. I find it very important that we know as a part of this matter: neutrinos. We know they have some mass, we know that interact weakly. However they are a very small part of missing matter, only 1%. The large piece of dark matter have not seen it yet. Here too it is very probable that physicists find the answer and do here on earth.

So what do you think will be the contribution of astronomers to cosmology?

The formation of structures. When the first stars formed and how was the diversity of chemical elements. The chemical history of the universe is not understood yet.


You've been interviewed countless times, however, is there any question that you would like to respond but you have not been asked?

I can tell you what question I am glad that I have done, usually when interviewing an astronomer raises the question of how was the universe before the Big Bang or that caused this phenomenon. It is another thing of which I am convinced that the human race will never understand. I find it interesting that many researchers now admit that there are questions that may never be answered. We can never know whether the universe is finite or infinite and we can never know what happened exactly during the Big Bang. We propose 20 possible, and have a range of possibilities, but the scientific method does not allow us to accurately distinguish between them.

I think scientists have become more modest, now admit that we are in a box which we can aspire to know answers, but outside there are questions, important and fundamental questions that will not be solved by science.

As cosmologist did you?

cosmologist I never called my work is to determine the distance between galaxies and that leads to the determination of the Hubble Constant. The funny part is that the constant is a theme close. The expansion of the universe is determined in a range of 13.000 km / s around us, so to work on the Hubble constant is not required to be a cosmologist. Alan Sandage

asked me to determine the Cepheid in a galaxy, and I asked me because I had been trained as photometers. If you want to get the distance of a Cepheid must know very well the magnitude and my training was just that obtain magnitudes, so if we go to my roots in reality I am a photometer.


If I could ask God one question what would it be?

Of course, what is the meaning of life. What is our goal here. For the Protestants are told - must be useful in your life and you must fulfill your obligations, how terrible it is that we do not know what these obligations.

Interview by Dr. Siegfried and published in the journal news IAC of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias