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Hiroshima, never

On the morning of August 6, 1945, residents of the populous Hiroshima were preparing to go to work or school. High above, a point silver slid them in the clear sky. It was a bomber B-29, nicknamed Enola Gay, its gates came a single bomb.

precisely at 8:15 am at 600 meters above the city, 38 kilograms of uranium is converted into energy with a deafening noise followed by a glare that lit up the sky marking the moment of the explosion. Within minutes, a plume of smoke gray-purple with a heart of fire (at an approximate temperature of 4000 ° C) became a huge "mushroom cloud" just over a mile high. Disappeared in a flash half of the city and with it 80,000 people were killed. Days after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagazaki, the message of surrender to the Emperor Hiro Ito addressed his subjects said: The enemy has begun using a new and extremely cruel bomb, whose power is capable of producing untold damage and loss of many innocent lives. The continuing struggle not only lead to destruction of Japan but to the total extinction of the human race "

When Albert Einstein structured his famous relation E = mc2 (the equivalence of mass and energy base for the development of the release of the atom ), his idea as any scientist, was trying to understand why the universe is as it is and what the operating rules. However, the code construction of the universe was reversed to create destruction.

"Today, the physicists who have participated in the demonstration of the most formidable and dangerous weapon of all time, we can not but be a voice of alarm: We can not and must not relent in our effort to make the world's nations and especially their leaders are aware of the unspeakable disaster they may have at least change their attitude toward each other and the task of shaping the future. "Einstein said in a radio message broadcast by the BBC in the 50's.

scientific disclosure or communication of science, aims to make a more wise, but a civilization more responsible. To the extent that science and to do daily talks are subject of coffee and sitting humans can understand that researchers are doing and the impact of acquired knowledge. The most important of this utopian scenario now is that you and I, we can determine the fate of science and away from the narrow interests of politics and the economy.


"It is possible that the cosmos is populated with intelligent beings. But the Darwinian lesson is clear: there will be no humans elsewhere. Only here. Only in this small planet. We are not only an endangered species but a species rare. In the cosmic perspective each of us is precious. If someone disagrees with you, let him live. You will not find anyone like that in a hundred billion galaxies. "Carl Sagan

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The impression of a large telescope

What was the first thing you saw at birth?

Korand In 1935, the ethologist Lorenz found that the chicks treated as his mother at first be disabled to see at birth. This phenomenon is called imprinting and is present in almost all vertebrates.

Today at 17.00, while Mexico, El Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) One of the largest eyes built by humans, will the steel shell to look first night from his nest on the island of La Palma in the Canary archipelago. His imprint will be produced by light emitted 431 years ago by the North Star, guide of sailors for centuries, on clear nights as possible to determine the position of true north of our planet.

The GTC is the optical telescope - the world's largest infrared. The project is a English initiative, led by the IAC (Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias), which also involved Mexico, through the IA-UNAM (Institute of Astronomy, National Autonomous University of Mexico) and INAOE (National Institute for Astrophysics , Optics and Electronics), and the United States through the University of Florida.

The primary mirror, responsible for collecting the light from the stars, is 10.4 meters in diameter. It is composed of 36 hexagonal segments that can move as a single surface via a complex system of sensors and motors. "Are 100 g of aluminum that require a 400-ton to keep the mirrors in the shape and position correct." Explains Dr. Pedro Alvarez, director of GRANTECAN, the project company.

optics systems GTC active to align, warp and move the primary mirror segments, as well as move and align the secondary mirror, all in order to maintain a precise position, regardless of external conditions (weather, temperature, gravity, manufacturing defects, etc.) so as not to affect the image.

The IAC said on its website that the GTC can "see" the most distant objects and the weakest of our Universe. With the images captured by this huge telescope will be distinguished planetary systems stars around us, knowing the dark matter, uncover hidden behind dense molecular clouds, the "birth" of stars, "see" the most distant galaxies and quasars, further study the characteristics of some black holes and their evolution, or to know what chemical compounds were created after the Big Bang. " Finding Earth-like planets around other stars is one of the GTC's goals.

Don Felipe de Borbon y Grecia, Honor Astrophysics Astrophysics Institute of the Canary Islands and Prince of Asturias, will be responsible for activating the system for the eye to wake up and look for the first time the sky over the Atlantic. In addition to members of the English Government and the Canary Islands one of the guests of honor will be Brian May, Queen guitarist, who performed part of his doctorate in astrophysics in the IAC. The ceremony will be broadcast worldwide via the Web site www.telefonica.es / gtcprimeraluz .

Like any newborn, the Great Canary Telescope will have to accustom their eyes to the universe around him, so after the First Light, will spend a year in phase adjustments and calibrations, both the telescope and its instruments scientists. Once this phase, the telescope will be open to the scientific community to start making cutting-edge science through regular use of the telescope.

To learn more about the Very Large Telescope de Canarias visit www.iac.es

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can we change the climate? Part 2

How to tame a hurricane

Each year in the hurricane season, huge storms with winds over 120 kilometers per hour travel the world's oceans. When they strike populated areas, killing thousands of people and damaging property, they reach the billions of dollars and nothing, absolutely nothing can stand in his way. Apply

weather modification technology to dissipate hurricanes or try to control its direction still is under investigation and some proposals fall into the realm of speculation. However, there is a long history of attempts, some of which have been successful at least partially.

Stormfury (fury of storm) developed between 1961 and 1971 by the U.S. Navy and federal weather service was one of the most ambitious projects to control hurricanes. The project sought to dissolve the hurricanes before they hit American shores. For this daring missions were sent to seed silver iodide walls of the storm. Under the plan, the rain had increased the wind weakens. The first four missions reported a decrease between 10 and 30 percent in wind speed. However, the following four missions can not achieve the objective it was decided to complete the project.

Another interesting proposal was submitted by Ross N. Hoffman, a renowned meteorologist and vice president of an environmental consulting firm, in Scientific American. Hoffman says it's possible to tame hurricanes or at least divert them from the big cities, in fact he has already accomplished ... virtually. In computer simulations Hoffman experimented with Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki, the strongest in 1992 and managed to divert the storm 60 miles virtual two-degree rise in temperature of updrafts in the center of the hurricane. The big problem is that currently there are no technologies that achieve this end. Hoffman envisions a future satellites capable of collecting solar energy and transform it into a microwave beam. The idea in the style of James Bond films, is to shoot from satellites lightning storm to reach and increase its internal temperature to alter its course. Damian R.

Wilson, a meteorologist with the British weather service, thinks it has found a way to drown out the cyclone. The source of energy for these storms is the humidity and heat taken from the sea surface and ground into hurricanes fade as they lose this energy input. the proposal Wilson is to mimic these conditions by coating the surface of the ocean with a thin film of biodegradable oil.

The idea is also driven by a group of researchers from the Massachusetts Technological Institute. The investigators who coordinates think that covering the ocean with a layer just one molecule thick is sufficient to drown a storm as well. The problem is that the layer breaks Olajos creating holes through which the storm can breathe. "We need to find an oil that can repair itself quickly once the wave," said Moshe Alamaro, a team member. The Chevron oil company has been interested in the project providing various types of oils and funds for research. Sure

posts to imagine "no shortage of suggestions," says Hoffman, There are proposals ranging from using nuclear bombs to cool the ocean dragging icebergs from the polar to tropical seas. Repairing

weather machine.

Last February the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change submitted its fourth report. The document states that the Earth's climate has changed by increasing its temperature. These changes will be reflected in the magnitude and frequency of natural disasters such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Clearly, we have modified the planet's atmosphere aerosol pollutants discharged into it and gases that promote global warming. This represents a risk to the climate and some think we are obliged to prepare a remedy Spencer Weart says in his book "The discovery of global warming."

The ideas developed to combat global warming are known as geoengineering. Many of them are "ideas that could be seen as crazy as last year alone, but are now seriously reconsidered," said Dr. Roger Angel, a member of the Royal Academy in an article published in September last year by a newspaper Australian.

Roelof Bruintjes of the National Center for Atmospheric Research said that new technologies and satellite image sensors, as well as the breakthrough in radar equipment and computing power of today's computers are a great support to the weather. "Today we have the tools to get basic answers that could not be achieved in the 70's, 80's and 90's"

The main objective of these ideas is to decrease the stroke of the planet and thereby cooling the climate, a them was raised by Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb, is to release millions of tiny silver balloons inflated with helium, so that from the upper layers of the atmosphere reflect sunlight back into space. Some team members Teller raises a more radical idea, build an adjustable mirror diameter of 2,000 miles between the sun and the earth to reflect solar radiation before it reaches our planet.

Stephen Salter, emeritus professor of Edinburgh University, believes that a more natural way of cooling the climate is to make clouds. In an article published in the journal Atmospheric Research, Salter displays a fleet of hundreds of boats equipped with giant unmanned scouts to launch into the atmosphere from sea spray water spray. When heated and evaporate, form greater amount of cloud. The water spray will also carry tiny particles of salt that would create more water droplets increase the cloud density and thus its ability to reflect sunlight.

weather as a weapon.

able to control the weather at will means having at our disposal one of the most powerful forces on earth. The donkey will not walk in fear and just an Internet search with the theme Climate War 68.000 throw us pages. In each of them followers of Fox Mulder and Dana Scully talks about how the armies the world have laid their hands on climate control.

Many of them refer a document titled "Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025" (the weather as a force multiplier: owning the weather in the year 2025) set in 1996. The aim of this study was to examine the concepts, skills and technologies required to maintain U.S. leadership in the air and space in the future. The solution found by this group of officers was to use weather as an element of control.

The report's authors explain that several of the currently available technologies will achieve, over a period of 30 years, offering anyone with sufficient resources, the ability to modify weather patterns and their effects at least locally. While the report is presented as a hypothetical development situations and future scenarios, the authors emphasize that "the technologies are there, waiting for us to put them all together."

So far the only attempt to use the weather as a weapon is the project Popeye. The project, carried out between 1966 and 1972, consisted of air missions whose objective was to seed the clouds over Vietnam in an attempt to prolong the monsoon season and thus flooding the advance of enemy troops. While the rain fell, there was little evidence to determine that this was an advantage for the U.S. military. When details of the project came to light, UN convened an international treaty prohibiting the hostile use of any techniques for controlling climate.

Opened in the early nineties, the installation HAARP (High frequency research and activity lights) in Alaska is probably the largest generator of conspiracy theories on climate control. The declassified military installation consists of a large antenna field. Its function is to conduct experiments on the behavior and operation of the ionosphere, one of the last layers of the atmosphere. It is no secret for amateur radio that under certain circumstances this layer of the atmosphere is capable of reflecting signals beyond the horizon which allows greater scope for such communication equipment. According to the HAARP website, it is these effects which are investigated in the project. The goal is to use the ionosphere to develop technologies for communications with submarines even under water. Besides mastering this "bounce" would allow radar to detect targets beyond the horizon, eliminating the obstacle of the curvature of the earth. According to the theories of "conspirólogos" The facility is capable of radiating microwave military targets around the world and thereby alter the climate. In reviewing the technical data available on the the project website, you can see any directional antennas is set so that energy can only be directed to the atmosphere for this plant. Likewise, the power emitted by the antennas represents only a fraction of the amount required for a warming of that nature. This and other effects suggested are only material for a future edition of the X-Files

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Can we change the climate? Part 1

Weather dominates everything in human life, where we live, what we eat, what we wear and even what we mean. Our ancestors saw in the weather, the hand of divine beings who controlled to will our existence. In the seventies, forecasters began to tell us that humanity was sitting on the remote, pressing, without knowing it, the buttons on the Earth's climate. The science of weather modification allowed us to achieve this control and slowly began to realize what they are some buttons. The challenge now is whether we see programs that are suitable for us.

continually speak of the weather, if it is hot, if it's cold if it rains too much or too little. Faced with an uncomfortable silence in the elevator is the most useful of the issues. For many, talking is a waste of time and prefer to do something with the weather. Control is weather or climate change conscious application of technologies to achieve the change of weather conducive to human activity or comfort. This is opposite to the concept of climate change where changes in environmental conditions due to the impact of civilization on the Earth's environment.

According to Roelof T. Bruintjes, a researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Researh in Colorado USA, currently available technologies for climate control are closely linked to water resource management and in some cases to smooth out climatic disasters. In

Annual registrations issued by the Weather Modification Organization, an American group led to research and dissemination of these technologies, 24 countries reported conducting over one thousand projects to weather modification. Bruintjes notes that these figures relate only to the countries that report such data and that at least 10 other countries are experimenting without giving them information.

In a paper presented by TP DeFelice on Climate Change Conference 2005, explains that many contemporary socio-economic problems due to lack of availability of water and warns that by 2020 more than 40% of the world's population live in areas with shortages of this fluid, where the technologies for climate control can be applied successfully to facilitate the water cycle.

Such is the social and political importance of the matter in 2006, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson appeared before the U.S. Congress a bill to create the National Council for the Operation and Climatological Modification Research. This reinforces the recommendation made in 2003 by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences to conduct a sustained research effort aimed at modifying the climate.

With 60 years of existence, the science of control climate is still in its infancy and the results are causing heated debate in the scientific community. But the fact that in the years ahead will require more reliable tool than a knife on the ground or a novena to San Isidro Labrador to achieve the perfect climate.


it rain, rain, the virgin of the cave

In 1946, Vincent Schaefer, a researcher at General Electric, began the science of climate change when, armed with his theories and a kilo of powdered dry ice , flew into a cloud in the skies of Massachusetts to empty their cargo
it
Along with other researchers at GE, Schaefer had been studying the physical processes that take place inside the clouds for rain or not. The experiment sought to prove that the ice particles were able to cause condensation of moisture in the cloud to act as nuclei for the formation of larger ice crystals that precipitate its weight on the ground as rain or snow depending on temperature. Later that year, another researcher, Bernard Vonnegut replaced by dry ice silver iodide, a salt with high capacity to absorb moisture and it takes a better effect. While the technique aroused the skepticism of many forecasters, by the early fifties to 10 percent of American skies were "planted" by commercial companies who offer their services to make it rain.

proposals and the results prompted the U.S. government's interest and for the next 30 years the U.S. government spent hundreds of millions of dollars in research projects that could increase the rain, to minimize crop damage from hail and fog on lower airports.

The larger project of cloud seeding was developed by scientists at NCAR in the states of Coahuila to try to end the drought that struck the state in the early nineties. Of all the missions launched, 99 of them were able to increase 40% of precipitation, according to project coordinator Brant Foote.

60 years later, the cloud seeding technique glacigenic products such as dry ice or silver iodide is the most accepted and used in the science of climate control. The scientific community recognizes that this technique is able to increase by 10% the amount of precipitation reaching the ground (compared to the result of natural processes) when the seed is done under favorable weather conditions, says the document TP DeFelice.


How to tame a hurricane

Each year in the hurricane season, huge storms with winds over at 120 miles per hour travel the world's oceans. When they strike populated areas, killing thousands of people and damaging property, they reach the billions of dollars and nothing, absolutely nothing can stand in his way. Apply

weather modification technology to dissipate hurricanes or try to control its direction is still under investigation and some proposals fall into the realm of speculation. However, there is a long history of attempts, some of which have been successful at least partially.

Stormfury (fury of storm) developed between 1961 and 1971 by the U.S. Navy and service Federal weather was one of the most ambitious projects to control hurricanes. The project sought to dissolve the hurricanes before they hit American shores. For this daring missions were sent to seed silver iodide walls of the storm. Under the plan, the rain had increased the wind weakens. The first four missions reported a decline of between 10 and 30 percent in wind speed. However, the following four missions can not achieve the objective it was decided to complete the project.

Another interesting proposal was submitted by Ross N. Hoffman, a renowned meteorologist and vice president of an environmental consulting firm in Scientific American. Hoffman says it's possible to tame hurricanes or at least divert them from the big cities, in fact he has already accomplished ... virtually. In computer simulations Hoffman experimented with Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki, the strongest in 1992 and managed to divert the storm 60 miles virtual two-degree rise in temperature of updrafts in the center of the hurricane. The big problem is that currently there are no technologies that achieve this end. Hoffman envisions a future satellites capable of collecting solar energy and transform it into a microwave beam. The idea in the style of James Bond films, is to shoot from a ray satellites Storm scope and increase its internal temperature to alter its course. Damian R.

Wilson, a meteorologist with the British weather service, thinks it has found a way to drown out the cyclone. The source of energy for these storms is the humidity and heat taken from the sea surface and ground into hurricanes fade as they lose this energy input. Wilson's proposal is to mimic these conditions by coating the surface of the ocean with a thin film of biodegradable oil.

The idea is also driven by a group of researchers from the Massachusetts Technological Institute. The investigators who coordinates think that covering the ocean with a layer as only one molecule thick is sufficient to drown a storm like that. The problem is that the layer breaks Olajos creating holes through which the storm can breathe. "We need to find an oil that can repair itself quickly once the wave," said Moshe Alamaro, a team member. The Chevron oil company has been interested in the project by providing various types of oils and funds for research. Sure

posts to imagine "no shortage of suggestions," says Hoffman, There are proposals ranging from using nuclear bombs to cool the ocean dragging icebergs from the polar to tropical seas.

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World Metrology Day 2007

How far to go? How big is the house? How heavy is the bag?

try to answer any of these questions without using a single number and see that it is almost impossible to give a clear and accurate. This simple exercise shows how important measurements.

We measured continuously, at birth the first thing they do is measure ourselves. At death the last thing you will be measuring us to see if we fit in the box. We measure what we make, what we buy or sell. Measure is what allows us to describe reality in an understandable way ... as long as we use units that others can understand.

To measure, we need to make a referral, compared to what we want to measure and count how many times it should be our reference in that thing, however, it is necessary to establish common references in order to reach an understanding.

Initially the man was the measure of all things, from its scale is determined that measured units worldwide: Feet, elbows, arms, etc. In the late eighteenth century, France was concerned about having a reliable system of measurement that allowed them to unify their business activities and tax collection and to this end, French scientists proposed the establishment of a system of measures which have as a basis length one ten-millionth of a quadrant of a meridian, which they called "Metro", giving rise to the metric system, which would later be called the international system.

To mark the 21 th General Conference of Weights and Measures, held in Paris in October 1999, the International Committee of Weights and Measures announced that the May 20 anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of the Meter in 1875, would be declared as World Metrology Day.

The World Metrology Day was established to draw attention of people on the importance of metrology. was elected on 20 May following the date signed the Treaty of the Meter established in Paris on May 20, 1875. The treaty is a diplomatic agreement signed by 51 nations, in which the signatories agree to use and disseminate the Metric System or the International System of Units. The same treaty gives the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM), the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) the authority to act on world metrology, particularly in Regarding the development of measurement standards and increase their accuracy, range and diversity and demonstrate equivalence between national standards.

Metrology is the scientific discipline applying the knowledge of chemical and physical phenomena in order to use their property as a reference for the development of measurement systems such as the International System of Units. From the measurements we humans can understand and describe the reality around us. Inaccurate measurement generates an incorrect interpretation of reality and with her defects in products manufactured, sold or bought

This year the International Bureau of Weights and Measures has dedicated the World Day of metrology measurements on the environment, an essential part of research and monitoring that scientists do to find the terrestrial ecosystem and its evolution. When talking about global warming because we can put information on the temperature measurements that tell us of severe changes. Similarly air pollution can be evaluated and characterized by physical and chemical measurements the meteorological community makes the air we breathe. For this reason, measurements of environmental quality are more important than ever as they help us to monitor changes in it, and determine its future effects on living organisms. Quality of information generated by measurements of the environment, responsible for the decisions that society must take to reduce the impact of human activity in the atmosphere. That is why we require petrological systems that ensure the quality and accuracy of the information that science has on the health of the planet

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The future of Invisibility (III)

energy fabric.

In the world of Stan Lee, the Fantastic Four get their powers when he accidentally carrying spacecraft is bombarded by strange cosmic rays. As a result Sue Storm (later Mrs. Richards) is endowed with the capacity to generate energy fields that make it invisible.

At the University of Pennsylvania, electronic engineers Enheta Andrea Alu and Nader have found a way to achieve this effect without extraterrestrial energy needs. His proposal also relies on the use of special materials that interact with electromagnetic radiation, but instead of bending the light that plasmonic materials do is delete it. His work was published in February 2006 by the news system of the journal Nature (news@nature.com ) and suggests that it is theoretically possible to hide an object to be coated with a vibrant field of electrons. The plasmons are waves of electrons that occur when they move rhythmically on the surface of a metallic material. Alu and Engheta

camp argue that these characteristics would able to reduce the refraction of light through the resonance to the extent that an object is again covered imperceptible. The approach proposes that if the frequency of light falling on the object is equal to two would eliminate plasmons causing all this under the cover becomes invisible. The idea this early stage but according to the study does not violate any laws of physics.

For now, the theory applies only to some special materials with electromagnetic properties similar to those with free electrons, such as plasma. Engineers at the University of Pennsylvania admitted that there are other limitations in his theory. Due to its characteristics the layer must be adapted to each object to cover, so that the wave lengths and corresponding frequencies. The objects may become invisible to infrared light but not visible. Both

plasmonic materials and metamaterials begin the road to invisibility, while experts continued to express caution as to the exact date or estimated in a human or an airplane may vanish into thin air. The possibility exists, and it is difficult for one day, donkey meat is transparent so

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The future of Invisibility (Part II)

Unlike the silky and shiny fabric that covers the young Potter in his adventures, the first invisibility cloak achieved by science is a bit less attractive. No bigger than a plate and consists of 10 concentric rings of a special tape made of fiberglass and copper, all in a package that measures just an inch tall. Construct was chosen so to simplify the experiment, so the coating was designed to work in two dimensions and only with microwave explains the press release issued by Duke University.

Through it, the scientists made several experiments in which managed a small copper cylinder was "invisible" to a microwave beam shot him. David Schurig, a developer of the unit, said in a video distributed to press the same way that the river water flowing around a stone and downstream is not possible to distinguish the interruption, which makes this armor is to guide the microwaves around a central region and build on the other hand, This reduces the absorption and refraction of waves so that any object placed in the "hole" will not alter the electromagnetic field.

The article published in the journal Science last November disclosed that the tests were conducted in a special chamber in which the microwaves can only travel through the layer. The instruments enabled generate images that illustrate the behavior of microwaves as they advanced into the chamber. First we studied the distribution of electromagnetic waves moving through space. In a second stage mapped the path of the waves by placing the copper cylinder without the cloak of invisibility and finally images were made with the cylinder in the center of the layer. By comparing the images could see how the coating was able to restore the airwaves nearly to its original state.

A tailored coat

In the fairy tale "The Emperor's New Clothes", a pair of swindlers into believing the emperor and his court that the material that comes from their looms is invisible to the eyes of the ignorant. To the shame of being considered stupid all extolling the virtues of an invisible and nonexistent.

What has emerged from the laboratories of the School of Engineering at Duke is one of the most advanced materials technology. Clearly visible, the secret of invisibility cloak is a technology called metamaterials. In nature the material properties are determined by their chemistry, the properties of metamaterials depend on their physical structure. They are artificially created elements whose structure has been planned and designed primarily to generate specific responses to certain electromagnetic fields says Dr. Eric Rose.

layer Duke's invisibility is composed of fiberglass tape in which they have woven shoes and tiny copper wires. The design, size and structure of these applications of copper have been carefully calculated to interact in a specific form of microwaves.

When microwaves hit the metamaterial tapes, they excite the copper structures, which are designed and arranged to produce electromagnetic forces can trap microwaves and guiding them on the surface of concentric rings to reconstruct their original state at the end travel.

In the words of its creators, the layer is one of the most elaborate metamaterial structures that have been designed and produced. It also represents one of the most comprehensive approach to invisibility yet realized, with the potential to get to hide objects of any size and composition.


instructions.

Although the invisibility cloak demonstrates the feasibility of theoretical proposals of its designers, the discoveries represent only a baby step in the way of applying this technology to the field of invisibility says Steven Cummer, another member of the Researchers, in an opinion cited in the press release from Duke University.

"What we have here is a whole new way of controlling light and electromagnetic fields," said John Pendry, a team member and director of the layer one of the world's leading theory of metamaterials. "We thought about hiding things and use to block magnetic fields, but I'd be very surprised if that was all I could do with this"

Dr. Eric Rose of the National Metrology Center explains that the main and most immediate application of this technology is in the field of telecommunications and photonics. For their properties, these new materials are able to bend and concentrate the waves in ways hitherto unthinkable. This opens the possibility of using them to save blockages that cause interference to radio or television. Another important application is the leap from electronics to photonics, logic circuits that run on light instead of electricity.

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The future of invisibility (Part I)

Invisible Man HG Wells, Sue Richards of the Fantastic Four, the Klingon ships from Star Trek, science fiction has a wide variety of embroidery dreams of invisibility, but in reality, the trick is a little more complicated. In recent years nanotechnology, quantum physics and photonics start to blur the line between reality and fiction with the first cuts that take us to wear the invisibility.

In a laboratory school of engineering at Duke University in North Carolina, David R. Smith and David Schurig have woven the first invisibility cloak. Instead of a right and two setbacks, the tissue is composed these researchers developed a new type of material called "metamaterials" whose special features allow you to open a hole in the fabric of light and thus have a first look at the invisibility .

More than one layer such as Harry Potter, the proposal to Duke University for invisibility armor resembles a silicon and copper. The approach theory for this experiment was published in the journal Science in May last year. But when in November two American and his English colleague Sir John Pendry of Imperial College in London gave the news that had been experimentally his theory, took the world by storm. While it is not the only proposal, if one that has received most attention from the media for being a reality.

Lessons to disappear

We can see an object because light from any source either sun or light reaches it. By giving him some light is absorbed and some "bounce" to us, says Dr. Eric Rose, coordinator Scientific Optics and Radiometry Division of the National Metrology Centre. Our eyes perceive different wavelengths of light reflected from the object and along with the brain process these feelings to rebuild his real form.

Invisibility - define Dr. Rosas - is possible when we get that the object does not reflect or absorb light, ie when we get the light waves passing through its position to reach our eyes without any alteration. To accomplish this two ways: the first would make the object becomes transparent and allows light to pass through. The other way is to make the light rays to bend the path of a light wave will "kick around" the object and continue as if nothing had happened.

If we choose to make transparent an object or person, this means seriously change their chemical composition and thereby jeopardizing its existence. As one of the graces of invisibility is to enjoy it, we can eliminate the first option.

On the contrary if we chose door number two, there are more elements with which we work. Naturally it is possible to "bend" a ray of light through its interaction with the material it touches. One example is the air and water, both media are transparent and allow the passage of light, but altered its original path. When it puts a pencil in a glass of water, pencil appears to break, this optical illusion is caused by the change of path of light passing from one medium to another. This phenomenon is called refraction and is determined by how light interacts with materials. Therefore if we alter the characteristics of the materials upon which impinges a light beam, then you may also change the effects these materials have with light.

Dr. Eric Rose explains that light is a type of electromagnetic radiation such as microwaves, radio waves, X rays or infrared rays. The difference between radiation and the other is the size of the wave or wavelength. The materials do not react equally to all waves, depending on their length, these energies can be absorbed, reflected or deflected. A red shirt, for example, we see red because the material it is made absorbs all colors except red, that is only able to interact with the wavelength of that color. Because the light our eyes can perceive is composed of multiple wavelengths, achieving invisibility "visible" means to get a single material meets a variety of waves.