woke ... it was oil
Tuesday, August 19, 2008
Can U Mix Superpump250 And Weigh
Oil is the result of a compost with millions of years old - said Dr. Alejandro Carrillo, an expert in GEOFLUID Geoscience Centre at UNAM based --- swamps and oceans are mainly from Jurassic and Cretaceous periods with abundant plant, large quantities of clay and some other dinosaur died. Underwater, this organic matter was covered by millions of years of sediment that prevented oxygen combined with what would have generated only methane and CO2. The continuous accumulation of layers was adding pressure and temperature allowing the prehistoric compost "cook" very slowly to form a series of compounds we now know as petroleum.
pressure from overlying layers, oil flows into the upper echelons of the underground through pores and fractures in the rocks until you find a seal that is impervious to stop its ascent and allows the formation of a reservoir . These sites are not pools of liquid petroleum - says Dr. Carrillo --- but rocks are porous like a sponge soaked in oil, salt water and gas.
In some places the flow of oil finds no obstacle and springs to the surface where the contact with oxygen is converted into tar, as in the tar pits in Los Angeles, the chapopoteras of Veracruz or the oil slick off the coast of Campeche bothered both Captain Chito.
As in Cantarell, these outcrops were just where the first oil began to drill their wells. This oil was "easy" to obtain, once detected chapopotera a well was drilled if oil did not leave, moved the team to another nearby location until, with luck they found the site. As the developing oil industry generated a variety of methods that allows more effective drilling. Currently
said Dr. Carrillo, oil exploration is a set of many disciplines. But it is still very difficult to ensure the success of a well, now a 50% success, meaning that in 10 producing wells 5, is listed as excellent. When we think that this performance can drop to 20 to 30% and only drilling an oil well 6000 meters deep in Mexico it costs forty to fifty million pesos, we see how important is the exploration of hydrocarbons explains Alejandro Carrillo .
unconventional sources.
In the territory of Alberta in Canada, there are 15 thousand square miles of sand soaked in rent. This is not an industrial spill, but a natural event that brings great the strangled breath scenario of oil reserves. The "chapopotera" was formed millions of years ago when natural flows of oil flowed to the surface from deep underground. In 2003, the Department of Energy of the United States in their statistics include 174 billion barrels that can occur here, with what Canada was placed as the second-largest reserves of Saudi Arabia just below.
tar sands of Alberta may be transformed into conventional hydrocarbons in a process that removes sand and liquefied fuel and cooking it at high temperature by adding hydrogen to the mix. However, the ecological cost is very high, to process tar sand soil need to be removed leaving a huge scar on the landscape. Oil
renewable.
In 1999, Dr. Thomas Gold, an astrophysicist at Cornell University, published a book entitled "The deep hot biosphere." In its pages Dr. Gold proposed that the formation of oil was not due to decomposition of organic matter but a natural inorganic process performed at the interface between the mantle and the planet's crust 30 km deep. According to the mechanism proposed methane existing in the mantle is condensed at high temperature pockets achieve this condensation allow the formation of heavier molecules, ie oil.
As the proposed process is constant, Gold said that the earth was able to provide unlimited quantities of oil and not only that, because methane is a common molecule in the universe, there was the possibility of finding oil on other planets. So far most of the geological community does not accept this theory and considers it absolute madness.
pressure from overlying layers, oil flows into the upper echelons of the underground through pores and fractures in the rocks until you find a seal that is impervious to stop its ascent and allows the formation of a reservoir . These sites are not pools of liquid petroleum - says Dr. Carrillo --- but rocks are porous like a sponge soaked in oil, salt water and gas.
In some places the flow of oil finds no obstacle and springs to the surface where the contact with oxygen is converted into tar, as in the tar pits in Los Angeles, the chapopoteras of Veracruz or the oil slick off the coast of Campeche bothered both Captain Chito.
As in Cantarell, these outcrops were just where the first oil began to drill their wells. This oil was "easy" to obtain, once detected chapopotera a well was drilled if oil did not leave, moved the team to another nearby location until, with luck they found the site. As the developing oil industry generated a variety of methods that allows more effective drilling. Currently
said Dr. Carrillo, oil exploration is a set of many disciplines. But it is still very difficult to ensure the success of a well, now a 50% success, meaning that in 10 producing wells 5, is listed as excellent. When we think that this performance can drop to 20 to 30% and only drilling an oil well 6000 meters deep in Mexico it costs forty to fifty million pesos, we see how important is the exploration of hydrocarbons explains Alejandro Carrillo .
unconventional sources.
In the territory of Alberta in Canada, there are 15 thousand square miles of sand soaked in rent. This is not an industrial spill, but a natural event that brings great the strangled breath scenario of oil reserves. The "chapopotera" was formed millions of years ago when natural flows of oil flowed to the surface from deep underground. In 2003, the Department of Energy of the United States in their statistics include 174 billion barrels that can occur here, with what Canada was placed as the second-largest reserves of Saudi Arabia just below.
tar sands of Alberta may be transformed into conventional hydrocarbons in a process that removes sand and liquefied fuel and cooking it at high temperature by adding hydrogen to the mix. However, the ecological cost is very high, to process tar sand soil need to be removed leaving a huge scar on the landscape. Oil
renewable.
In 1999, Dr. Thomas Gold, an astrophysicist at Cornell University, published a book entitled "The deep hot biosphere." In its pages Dr. Gold proposed that the formation of oil was not due to decomposition of organic matter but a natural inorganic process performed at the interface between the mantle and the planet's crust 30 km deep. According to the mechanism proposed methane existing in the mantle is condensed at high temperature pockets achieve this condensation allow the formation of heavier molecules, ie oil.
As the proposed process is constant, Gold said that the earth was able to provide unlimited quantities of oil and not only that, because methane is a common molecule in the universe, there was the possibility of finding oil on other planets. So far most of the geological community does not accept this theory and considers it absolute madness.
Alice In Wonderland Congratulations Card
When the oil runs out? III
A civilization of oil.
The Hirsch report is clear in saying that to lessen the impact of a fall in the production of hydrocarbon our options are changing the way we produce and how we will use.
How will live without oil? to find out you can simply do a little exercise of imagination, removed from his life all the machines that move, not just those using an internal combustion engine but those who are moved by electricity, remember that in Mexico 80% of fuel oil powered generators. Now is the time for all plastic items made from unbreakable dishes up the CDs and much of their appliances. Then remove all synthetic fibers such as lycra clothing and waterproof jackets. Now peek in your refrigerator and imagine that disappears meat, vegetables and cereals in the U.S. alone requires 10 calories of fossil fuels to produce one calorie of food. The landscape becomes quite bleak, which is why David Goodstein, a physicist at the Technological University of California and author of "The End of the Age of Oil" think that civilization as we know it will come to an end sometime this century when the oil runs out.
production rate is directly dependent on the oil that has not been discovered yet. "Most of the discoveries were in the 60's - Campbell explained in an article published page of the ASPO - since then the number of new fields has declined gradually. "
Kenneth Deffeyes has a clear analogy of this "Oil Search is like fishing in a pond, after a few months start to notice that it does not catch as much as initially and will require new technology for fishing rod or other perhaps networks. This is the less difficult it is to grab fish "
The peak will end the pond full of fish. For 150 years we enjoyed the easy oil, whose sites are on land or in shallow seas. The oil that comes from these wells is low light hydrocarbons sulfur content, sweet as they call the experts. The second half of the oil was difficult to see oil, poor quality which will require more money and more energy to remove small deposits deep under the seabed or very difficult access. Paul Robert, author of "The End of Oil", says that in reality we should not fear that oil runs out, because before reaching that point will be very expensive to use.
As a paradox of fate, Cantarell Rudesindo another glory died without a gold coin that was flattered as the only recognition of its role in Mexico's entry to the club of major oil producers. Similarly, when the oil age comes to an end only have a memory of a wonderful life with the smell of tar.
The Hirsch report is clear in saying that to lessen the impact of a fall in the production of hydrocarbon our options are changing the way we produce and how we will use.
How will live without oil? to find out you can simply do a little exercise of imagination, removed from his life all the machines that move, not just those using an internal combustion engine but those who are moved by electricity, remember that in Mexico 80% of fuel oil powered generators. Now is the time for all plastic items made from unbreakable dishes up the CDs and much of their appliances. Then remove all synthetic fibers such as lycra clothing and waterproof jackets. Now peek in your refrigerator and imagine that disappears meat, vegetables and cereals in the U.S. alone requires 10 calories of fossil fuels to produce one calorie of food. The landscape becomes quite bleak, which is why David Goodstein, a physicist at the Technological University of California and author of "The End of the Age of Oil" think that civilization as we know it will come to an end sometime this century when the oil runs out.
production rate is directly dependent on the oil that has not been discovered yet. "Most of the discoveries were in the 60's - Campbell explained in an article published page of the ASPO - since then the number of new fields has declined gradually. "
Kenneth Deffeyes has a clear analogy of this "Oil Search is like fishing in a pond, after a few months start to notice that it does not catch as much as initially and will require new technology for fishing rod or other perhaps networks. This is the less difficult it is to grab fish "
The peak will end the pond full of fish. For 150 years we enjoyed the easy oil, whose sites are on land or in shallow seas. The oil that comes from these wells is low light hydrocarbons sulfur content, sweet as they call the experts. The second half of the oil was difficult to see oil, poor quality which will require more money and more energy to remove small deposits deep under the seabed or very difficult access. Paul Robert, author of "The End of Oil", says that in reality we should not fear that oil runs out, because before reaching that point will be very expensive to use.
As a paradox of fate, Cantarell Rudesindo another glory died without a gold coin that was flattered as the only recognition of its role in Mexico's entry to the club of major oil producers. Similarly, when the oil age comes to an end only have a memory of a wonderful life with the smell of tar.
Monday, August 18, 2008
Pain Killer For Waxing
Reality (Latin realitas and it's res, "things") means, in common use "all that exists." A more precise, the term includes everything that is, whether or not perceptible, accessible or understandable by science, philosophy or any other system of analysis.
Wednesday, August 6, 2008
When Can I Dye By Hair After Having Shingles
When the oil runs out? II
If it was possible to establish the peak of production of a country, the next logical step was to try to establish this worldwide event. Hubbert estimated that global production would peak between 1995 and 2000, however the oil crisis of the seventies led to a change in consumption habits that slowed the use of hydrocarbons. Produce more efficient cars and changes in general industry which made their analysis fail.
Several geologists and economists saw the potential of the Hubbert model and began working with him trying to define the date that world production would reach its peak. Most of the discussion to estimate peak production has to do with the crystal ball in which all experts peek to make their estimates. The basic tools are complicated mathematical models fed by data extremely difficult to pinpoint. Issues related to the estimation of reserves in the world: the oil is, the speed with which they consume and how much remains to be discovered.
The study of the oil reserves of a deposit is made from field trials to determine the level, rock type, porosity, depth, temperature and pressure --- explains Dr. Alejandro Carrillo expert GEOFLUID Geoscience Center of the UNAM-From these results determines the percentage of usable oil in the reservoir.
Dr. Carrillo explained that the world's reserves are classified by the amount of information available on the sites. Proven reserves are the oil fields located in well known and can be removed by in an economically viable and technically feasible. Probable reserves are those in which both the geological information such as engineering indicate that appear to ensure their exploitation. Finally possible reserves are those that are based solely on geological data that make possible to consider the existence of a reservoir.
"Estimating reserves is a scientific work, but reporting them is a political act," said Campbell in an article published in April last year. For commercial reasons, oil companies rarely disclose the actual figures for their discoveries and governments, owners of 90% of reserves, commonly lie says Campbell. That is why most of the official figures provided more questions than information.
A future with many peaks
When asked when will the peak, the most frequent answer is "by who? And given the importance of the subject and the difficulty of developing the analysis are many voices.
One of these voices is Kenneth Deffeyes is emeritus professor at Princeton University and author of two books on the subject. He explained that according to available data on the new fields are 2.013 trillion barrels of oil available. If to these we add all the oil produced from the birth of the industry today, we get the dreaded 1,006.5 billion barrels (the figure for the peak of production). In your opinion reach the production peak Thanksgiving Day 2005 (last Sunday in October), "three weeks or three weeks less", gives the professor. Also
geologist and editor of Petroleum Review, Chris Skrebowsky says 18 countries with significant contribution of oil production are now declining. His proposal is that the peak will occur in 2008 at what the expert says "in terms of planning this means tomorrow."
Colin Campbell is one of the most listened to and quoted experts in the discussion of peak production. He is the founder of the Center for the Analysis of Oil Depletion and the Association for the Study Production Peak. Research geologist for several oil companies like BP, Texas, Shell and Exxon, we can say that the oil man runs through the veins. Campbell says the first half the age of oil is running out, the world's population it could "six-fold" thanks to a vigorous development of transport, trade and agriculture. The next half will be marked by a slow decline in fossil fuel production and all that depends on them. Colin Campbell to the point of maximum production in the world will occur in 2016.
In the other corner, among the optimists is the U.S. Geological Survey, posed that peak production will not be until 2040. The International Energy Agency is a bit more ambiguous in its assessment and suggests that the peak will occur any time between 2013 and 2037.
Why is it so important to define when peak oil will happen? The answer can be found in the so-called Hirsch report, a document requested by the Department of Energy of the United States was released early and 2005. In summary, the authors warn that the production peak is approaching and with it dramatic increases in fuel prices and all products that depend on oil. This scenario demands action to alleviate the problem promptly. The report places the action points in the production and consumption of hydrocarbons, but to achieve a substantial impact, such measures should be taken more than a decade in advance and unfortunately so far none of the efforts displayed has begun yet.
Several geologists and economists saw the potential of the Hubbert model and began working with him trying to define the date that world production would reach its peak. Most of the discussion to estimate peak production has to do with the crystal ball in which all experts peek to make their estimates. The basic tools are complicated mathematical models fed by data extremely difficult to pinpoint. Issues related to the estimation of reserves in the world: the oil is, the speed with which they consume and how much remains to be discovered.
The study of the oil reserves of a deposit is made from field trials to determine the level, rock type, porosity, depth, temperature and pressure --- explains Dr. Alejandro Carrillo expert GEOFLUID Geoscience Center of the UNAM-From these results determines the percentage of usable oil in the reservoir.
Dr. Carrillo explained that the world's reserves are classified by the amount of information available on the sites. Proven reserves are the oil fields located in well known and can be removed by in an economically viable and technically feasible. Probable reserves are those in which both the geological information such as engineering indicate that appear to ensure their exploitation. Finally possible reserves are those that are based solely on geological data that make possible to consider the existence of a reservoir.
"Estimating reserves is a scientific work, but reporting them is a political act," said Campbell in an article published in April last year. For commercial reasons, oil companies rarely disclose the actual figures for their discoveries and governments, owners of 90% of reserves, commonly lie says Campbell. That is why most of the official figures provided more questions than information.
A future with many peaks
When asked when will the peak, the most frequent answer is "by who? And given the importance of the subject and the difficulty of developing the analysis are many voices.
One of these voices is Kenneth Deffeyes is emeritus professor at Princeton University and author of two books on the subject. He explained that according to available data on the new fields are 2.013 trillion barrels of oil available. If to these we add all the oil produced from the birth of the industry today, we get the dreaded 1,006.5 billion barrels (the figure for the peak of production). In your opinion reach the production peak Thanksgiving Day 2005 (last Sunday in October), "three weeks or three weeks less", gives the professor. Also
geologist and editor of Petroleum Review, Chris Skrebowsky says 18 countries with significant contribution of oil production are now declining. His proposal is that the peak will occur in 2008 at what the expert says "in terms of planning this means tomorrow."
Colin Campbell is one of the most listened to and quoted experts in the discussion of peak production. He is the founder of the Center for the Analysis of Oil Depletion and the Association for the Study Production Peak. Research geologist for several oil companies like BP, Texas, Shell and Exxon, we can say that the oil man runs through the veins. Campbell says the first half the age of oil is running out, the world's population it could "six-fold" thanks to a vigorous development of transport, trade and agriculture. The next half will be marked by a slow decline in fossil fuel production and all that depends on them. Colin Campbell to the point of maximum production in the world will occur in 2016.
In the other corner, among the optimists is the U.S. Geological Survey, posed that peak production will not be until 2040. The International Energy Agency is a bit more ambiguous in its assessment and suggests that the peak will occur any time between 2013 and 2037.
Why is it so important to define when peak oil will happen? The answer can be found in the so-called Hirsch report, a document requested by the Department of Energy of the United States was released early and 2005. In summary, the authors warn that the production peak is approaching and with it dramatic increases in fuel prices and all products that depend on oil. This scenario demands action to alleviate the problem promptly. The report places the action points in the production and consumption of hydrocarbons, but to achieve a substantial impact, such measures should be taken more than a decade in advance and unfortunately so far none of the efforts displayed has begun yet.
Tuesday, August 5, 2008
Hhitler Personality Disorder Type
When the oil runs out?
For the umpteenth time, came to the Cantarell Rudesindo PEMEX offices in Veracruz. For those who worked there in the early seventies his presence was not unusual. Captain Chito, as he was known in his native Ciudad del Carmen, had a lot of time trying to sue for damages Mexican oil. The problem is that when fishing shrimp in the shallow waters off the coast of Campeche, continually out networks filled with tar and that certainly had to be because of PEMEX. To his great insistence, Mexican petroleum geologists dispatched a group to come to the site and check the problem. The result of this research was the discovery in 1971 of one of the largest oilfields in the world.
Named in honor of Rudesindo Cantarell, this field is only surpassed by Ghawar in Saudi Arabia. Eight years after its discovery, began operating the first production well, the Chac 1. In a speech to the nation, then President Joseph López Portillo made history when he realized the responsibility that would "manage the abundance." For Mexico, the picture could not be more encouraging: in the late seventies America faced an oil embargo by Arab countries and worldwide oil prices rising steadily.
Thirty years later, in June 2007, PEMEX reported to the stock market in the United States, in the current rate of extraction, Mexico's proven reserves could be exhausted in seven years. The report speaks only of oil reserves, which are found and exploited the technology and resources PEMEX that currently but it is a clear sign that Mexican oil runs out.
The problem is not exclusive to Mexico, despite its abundance, oil is a nonrenewable natural resource, so sooner or later will run on deposits. Chris Skrebowski, editor of Petroleum Review, a publication of the Energy Institute in London, warning that the conventional oil reserves are shrinking at a rate of 4% annually, a symptom of this is that several oil-producing countries have started a decline in production.
Colin Campbell, one of the foremost experts in the field and founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Production, at a conference in 2005 warned the audience "Do not worry just because oil is still last a few years. The point is that oil and gas dominate our lives, the decline in production will change our world in radical and unpredictable way. "
Hubbert Peak
At first the idea that oil might run out sounded a science fiction story, since Edwin Drake, a retired railroad, the first commercial well drilled in 1859 flowed jets subsurface oil to meet the needs of human civilization. But as our technology was developed, so did the thirst for oil.
was in 1956, almost 100 years after the onset of petroleum era, when King Hubbert, a geophysicist at the Shell oil company, he proposed his theory of peak production. Hubbert had been watching the statistics with the oil discoveries and found a trend repeating the chart was a bell-shaped curve, in other words what goes up must come down. Thinking that the Drake well was the first point on the graph, as they discovered more and more wells drawing the graph slopes upward, considering that oil is a finite resource was obvious think that when he had extracted more or less half of the available resource graph will reach a peak and then on everything would be downhill. Able to predict when that peak would be ready to go.
Using this model and the available information Hubbert predicted that oil would reach the top American territory entre1965 and 1970. Shell geophysicist attempt to prevent publication of its results but he, renowned for his stubbornness, went ahead and threw them to the public. At a time when the world hovered on cheap oil, the argument was not heard and generally within and outside the oil industry no believed in it.
the early seventies, oil production in the United States reached a record and later began to fall. While the American union became an oil importer, the point of view on the theory of Hubbert change drastically.
Named in honor of Rudesindo Cantarell, this field is only surpassed by Ghawar in Saudi Arabia. Eight years after its discovery, began operating the first production well, the Chac 1. In a speech to the nation, then President Joseph López Portillo made history when he realized the responsibility that would "manage the abundance." For Mexico, the picture could not be more encouraging: in the late seventies America faced an oil embargo by Arab countries and worldwide oil prices rising steadily.
Thirty years later, in June 2007, PEMEX reported to the stock market in the United States, in the current rate of extraction, Mexico's proven reserves could be exhausted in seven years. The report speaks only of oil reserves, which are found and exploited the technology and resources PEMEX that currently but it is a clear sign that Mexican oil runs out.
The problem is not exclusive to Mexico, despite its abundance, oil is a nonrenewable natural resource, so sooner or later will run on deposits. Chris Skrebowski, editor of Petroleum Review, a publication of the Energy Institute in London, warning that the conventional oil reserves are shrinking at a rate of 4% annually, a symptom of this is that several oil-producing countries have started a decline in production.
Colin Campbell, one of the foremost experts in the field and founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Production, at a conference in 2005 warned the audience "Do not worry just because oil is still last a few years. The point is that oil and gas dominate our lives, the decline in production will change our world in radical and unpredictable way. "
Hubbert Peak
At first the idea that oil might run out sounded a science fiction story, since Edwin Drake, a retired railroad, the first commercial well drilled in 1859 flowed jets subsurface oil to meet the needs of human civilization. But as our technology was developed, so did the thirst for oil.
was in 1956, almost 100 years after the onset of petroleum era, when King Hubbert, a geophysicist at the Shell oil company, he proposed his theory of peak production. Hubbert had been watching the statistics with the oil discoveries and found a trend repeating the chart was a bell-shaped curve, in other words what goes up must come down. Thinking that the Drake well was the first point on the graph, as they discovered more and more wells drawing the graph slopes upward, considering that oil is a finite resource was obvious think that when he had extracted more or less half of the available resource graph will reach a peak and then on everything would be downhill. Able to predict when that peak would be ready to go.
Using this model and the available information Hubbert predicted that oil would reach the top American territory entre1965 and 1970. Shell geophysicist attempt to prevent publication of its results but he, renowned for his stubbornness, went ahead and threw them to the public. At a time when the world hovered on cheap oil, the argument was not heard and generally within and outside the oil industry no believed in it.
the early seventies, oil production in the United States reached a record and later began to fall. While the American union became an oil importer, the point of view on the theory of Hubbert change drastically.
continue ......
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)