" The decision I took to be an astronomer to four years because of a traumatic experience " - says Gustav Tammann, one of the most renowned astronomers worldwide - "Four years told me that God was in heaven. It is traumatic when you look at the sky, you can not see it. Then I thought: 'He must be further away, so I can not see. " So I became an astronomer to see further . "
Contrary to the assertions of Dr. Tammann, it seems that the divine hand will not be in the vastness of outer space, but in the depths of a circular tunnel excavated 100 meters below the border between Switzerland and France. The tunnel, 8.6 km in diameter, contains what is probably the largest machine built by humans. Its primary function is to manipulate atomic particles to produce them region in space with a density so high that it becomes as it were in the beginning, a "soup" of fundamental particles. Under conditions of high density and high energy atoms crumble in his fundamental particles, a phenomenon that our universe has not seen since the time of its creation during the Big Bang
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC by its acronym in English) is operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and is both a microscope and a time machine. To get to open the tiny window to the past requires a team of 100 thousand tons of scientific instruments. Thousands of components are organized into complex Meccano pieces ranging from a computer chip to machines large enough to fill half of the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. The parties from every continent and have been designed with great precision so that the degree of error is hundredths of a millimeter, it depends to handle and observe particles that are below the atomic scale. So far the effort has required an investment of three billion euros and years of hard work. It is not an easy task emphasizes Guy Paic, one of 40 Mexican researchers involved in the project engineering has to be gigantic to the infinitesimal work "
When asked Dr. Paic by the objective of such an effort, his answer is the very foundation of science, "the human desire to know." From the observatory at Chichen Itza to the Hubble telescope, man has sought to answer two fundamental questions How did the Universe? And why I become what it is?
The Time Tunnel
Enrique Fernández, researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and President of the Scientific Policy Committee explains CERN particle physics and understanding of the creation of the universe are intimately linked. The logical connection is the Big Bang because the initial time of the cosmos were free elementary particles and the properties of the time largely determine the shape and structure of both the quantum cosmos and the macrocosm.
If we have done good job, it appears that all started about 13.700 million years ago, when all we know, and still do not know, are squeezed into tiny point no bigger than an atom. In an instant, this super-dense speck of matter and energy exploded in a great bang! And the universe began to exist.
The recipe to recreate the building is deceptively simple, we just have to concentrate as much energy we can into the smallest space possible. Over 50 years of experiments, scientists have found that the easiest way to achieve this lies in using brute force is to smash particles. But get this amazing "grip" is not simple, the size and complexity of the LHC is a clear example.
The LHC is a race track, two-way with 27 km in circumference. The characteristics of this track make it the most special in the world. For starters we have the runners. As the LHC accelerator can only accelerate certain kinds of particles: Requiring charged particles due to their size because only can be manipulated by electromagnetic fields. Second must be stable we do not want to start the race with a type of runner and end with a completely different person. The requirements we are left with two candidates: electrons and protons. The latter being the higher density, density being a key factor in the experiment, chosen to tell the secret of creation are protons.
runners properties imposed on the track a number of very specific requirements. Must be free of any obstacles within the Large Hadron Collider will be the empty space of the solar system. To prevent the proton beam collide with molecules gas inside the HCL is the ultra high vacuum, similar to what we find in interplanetary space communicators explain CERN.
The heart of the LHC are two tubes that run the 27 miles of tunnel. It is just inside the pipes where they fly in opposite bunches. The tubes are covered by an armor composed of 9300 superconducting electromagnets whose function is to accelerate the protons, to guide the particle beam to keep it within the "road" and then compress the beam to achieve the most impact ..
electromagnets represented the greatest challenge in the design of the collider because the maximum possible acceleration is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength. Normal electromagnets are not practical for the needs of the machine. Those used in the LHC cables are made of an alloy of titanium and niobium to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius become superconductors, this is can conduct electricity without resistance. Once the LHC is ready, the cryogenic system is the world's largest refrigerator cooled using liquid helium to keep the magnets at optimum operating temperature.
The particles used in the collider will hydrogen protons or lead. Once extracted from their original atoms, protons are accelerated firing the duoplos (electromagnets) in sequence to "pull them." It is as if a group of teens we put Salma Hayek at the end of a street, says Dr. Arturo Menchaca, a researcher at the Institute of Physics of the UNAM and the Mexican team member who works in the construction of the Collider. The boys begin to run toward her. When they were about to reach it, put a little later. As the boys pick up speed, Miss Hayek move more quickly, which would force the group of teenagers to move ever faster and more energy. You put this in a ring road and will have an accelerator.
Once operating at full power within a tube, trillions of protons will travel 11.245 times per second the LHC ring traveling to a 99.99% speed of light. In the other tube as a group it circles in the opposite direction. In four points of the ring, the two routes intersect Collider to collide proton packs. Upon impact, the energy generated by the two trains would cause particle density and temperature levels similar to those existing during the Big Bang and for a moment will create an energy-dense broth in which there will be free, fundamental particles created the Universe.
Contrary to the assertions of Dr. Tammann, it seems that the divine hand will not be in the vastness of outer space, but in the depths of a circular tunnel excavated 100 meters below the border between Switzerland and France. The tunnel, 8.6 km in diameter, contains what is probably the largest machine built by humans. Its primary function is to manipulate atomic particles to produce them region in space with a density so high that it becomes as it were in the beginning, a "soup" of fundamental particles. Under conditions of high density and high energy atoms crumble in his fundamental particles, a phenomenon that our universe has not seen since the time of its creation during the Big Bang
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC by its acronym in English) is operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and is both a microscope and a time machine. To get to open the tiny window to the past requires a team of 100 thousand tons of scientific instruments. Thousands of components are organized into complex Meccano pieces ranging from a computer chip to machines large enough to fill half of the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. The parties from every continent and have been designed with great precision so that the degree of error is hundredths of a millimeter, it depends to handle and observe particles that are below the atomic scale. So far the effort has required an investment of three billion euros and years of hard work. It is not an easy task emphasizes Guy Paic, one of 40 Mexican researchers involved in the project engineering has to be gigantic to the infinitesimal work "
When asked Dr. Paic by the objective of such an effort, his answer is the very foundation of science, "the human desire to know." From the observatory at Chichen Itza to the Hubble telescope, man has sought to answer two fundamental questions How did the Universe? And why I become what it is?
The Time Tunnel
Enrique Fernández, researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and President of the Scientific Policy Committee explains CERN particle physics and understanding of the creation of the universe are intimately linked. The logical connection is the Big Bang because the initial time of the cosmos were free elementary particles and the properties of the time largely determine the shape and structure of both the quantum cosmos and the macrocosm.
If we have done good job, it appears that all started about 13.700 million years ago, when all we know, and still do not know, are squeezed into tiny point no bigger than an atom. In an instant, this super-dense speck of matter and energy exploded in a great bang! And the universe began to exist.
The recipe to recreate the building is deceptively simple, we just have to concentrate as much energy we can into the smallest space possible. Over 50 years of experiments, scientists have found that the easiest way to achieve this lies in using brute force is to smash particles. But get this amazing "grip" is not simple, the size and complexity of the LHC is a clear example.
The LHC is a race track, two-way with 27 km in circumference. The characteristics of this track make it the most special in the world. For starters we have the runners. As the LHC accelerator can only accelerate certain kinds of particles: Requiring charged particles due to their size because only can be manipulated by electromagnetic fields. Second must be stable we do not want to start the race with a type of runner and end with a completely different person. The requirements we are left with two candidates: electrons and protons. The latter being the higher density, density being a key factor in the experiment, chosen to tell the secret of creation are protons.
runners properties imposed on the track a number of very specific requirements. Must be free of any obstacles within the Large Hadron Collider will be the empty space of the solar system. To prevent the proton beam collide with molecules gas inside the HCL is the ultra high vacuum, similar to what we find in interplanetary space communicators explain CERN.
The heart of the LHC are two tubes that run the 27 miles of tunnel. It is just inside the pipes where they fly in opposite bunches. The tubes are covered by an armor composed of 9300 superconducting electromagnets whose function is to accelerate the protons, to guide the particle beam to keep it within the "road" and then compress the beam to achieve the most impact ..
electromagnets represented the greatest challenge in the design of the collider because the maximum possible acceleration is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength. Normal electromagnets are not practical for the needs of the machine. Those used in the LHC cables are made of an alloy of titanium and niobium to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius become superconductors, this is can conduct electricity without resistance. Once the LHC is ready, the cryogenic system is the world's largest refrigerator cooled using liquid helium to keep the magnets at optimum operating temperature.
The particles used in the collider will hydrogen protons or lead. Once extracted from their original atoms, protons are accelerated firing the duoplos (electromagnets) in sequence to "pull them." It is as if a group of teens we put Salma Hayek at the end of a street, says Dr. Arturo Menchaca, a researcher at the Institute of Physics of the UNAM and the Mexican team member who works in the construction of the Collider. The boys begin to run toward her. When they were about to reach it, put a little later. As the boys pick up speed, Miss Hayek move more quickly, which would force the group of teenagers to move ever faster and more energy. You put this in a ring road and will have an accelerator.
Once operating at full power within a tube, trillions of protons will travel 11.245 times per second the LHC ring traveling to a 99.99% speed of light. In the other tube as a group it circles in the opposite direction. In four points of the ring, the two routes intersect Collider to collide proton packs. Upon impact, the energy generated by the two trains would cause particle density and temperature levels similar to those existing during the Big Bang and for a moment will create an energy-dense broth in which there will be free, fundamental particles created the Universe.
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