Who created the universe is a question delicate when studying the process that formed the cosmos. So far we only know that constitute the building blocks (elementary particles) and "Hands" who put those bricks and that today keep them in place (the elemental forces). All this knowledge is accommodated in what physicists call the Standard Model, a theoretical proposal created in the early 70's and that after 30 years of experimental testing is very accurate.
"Until the middle of last century, life was relatively easy for the physicists who were engaged in studying atoms and fundamental particles that up "- physicist and popularizer writes Shahen Hacyan Mexican. - It was thought that the basic building blocks of matter were protons and neutrons in the nucleus while huddling clouds of electrons flying around. To study an atom or its nucleus was sufficient to hit it to break and explore other debris. When in 1950, the advance of technology allows increasing the energy of these collisions, the atomic model was made pieces, literally.
Luis Cabral Rosetti, Particle Physics Advanced Institute of Cosmology, explained that the researchers' surprise, the accelerator experiments revealed a wide "zoology" of subatomic particles. By the early 60's the types of particles reached a hundred. The sense of the physical was for posterity when Enrico Fermi, one of the physicists responsible for the Manhattan Project, was asked his opinion on the particle K02. Dr. Fermi looked at his partner and said: "Young man, if I had the ability to remember all these particles have been botanist."
In an effort to sort out all the information found three physicists (Winberg, Glasgow and Salam) established in the early 70's the so-called Standard Model of particles and forces. A case where 12 basic pieces fit constructing the universe and three of the four forces that govern them.
All the matter around us is composed of two types of particles, or building blocks --- --- explains Dr. Cabral family of quarks (which grouped form protons and neutrons) and the family of leptons ( one of which is the electron). Like any family, the particles are arranged in pairs and turn in generations of couples, three to be exact. In the same way that the marriage of the grandparents birth to the children and the marriage of these grandchildren. Particles older, heavier and less stable, the decay give rise to a next generation more stable and lightweight. Currently in nature available to us is only this last generation. The "genealogy" of subatomic particles was discovered by accelerator experiments.
the fundamental building blocks to settle down and stay in place requires forces which run on them to build a cosmos. Along with the particles are the 4 fundamental forces whose function is to unite and control matter and energy of the universe. Each has different strengths and different scope: the electromagnetic, long range, this means that the same is visible to the subatomic level in the macrocosm in which we live. Is responsible for interactions between charged particles, such as for example, keeping the atoms and a molecule attached. The strong force and weak force operating at very short range, ie at the quantum scale. The strong force is what keeps quarks together to form a proton. The so-called weak force is present in natural radiation processes such as uranium or plutonium. The last fundamental force is gravity that affects the cosmos on a global scale but its influence is negligible at the quantum level, a rather fortuitous because so far failed to include in the standard model.
For there to field any of the four forces, quarks and leptons must interact through a carrier particle, called bosons. For every force there is a particular Bozon, the best known is the photon, carrier of the electromagnetic force in such phenomena as light., The strong force has the Gluon (of glue = glue) so called for being the glue that makes up protons, the weak force interactions exist by Bozon W and Z boson
Standard Model is a strong theory that successfully explains a large number of phenomena. "The model is so good, he is boring," jokes Dr. Guy Paic to emphasize the perfection with which the model predicts the particles and forces that shape our universe. However, although we have not seen it all, in the box of the standard model are still gaps where we draw the outline of the experimental work that there must accommodate. The most visible of all the mass.
According to our theoretical instruction, none of the elementary particles should have mass, the universe would be insubstantial as light. To remedy this little forgotten, physicist Peter Higgs proposed in 1960 that among the forces that govern the physics of the cosmos should be a field everywhere in the universe whose "divine breath" on the particles would make them heavy and slow. The bearer of the Higgs field is known as the Higgs boson, also called "Particle Divine "as its interaction with quarks and leptons is what gives them mass, transforming energy into matter. Its existence is essential to the model we have created our universe. Despite all our efforts have not been able to detect. Looking
invisible
To witness the collisions between the particle whose remains emerge divine the CMS, one of the four giant detectors installed in underground caverns carved around the four collision points available to the LHC.
The purpose of the detectors is to identify the secondary particles produced in collisions, says Guy Paic The parameters for determining the nature of a particle trajectory are described from the moment of impact, electric charge, speed, mass and energy. To accomplish this, the detectors are built in layers or sub-detectors each of which has a very particular role in the reconstruction of the collision. A magnetic system is responsible for separating the different particles according to their charge to determine when a magnitude related to the mass and velocity of the particle.
The detector layers are arranged two types instruments. One is the path detectors, usually a series of sensory fibers that identify the point and time when a particle touches then to relate the signs and all filaments is reconstructed velocity and trajectory of the particle. The other is a calorimeter instruments that analyze the energy of the particle stopping and measuring the amount of energy released.
detectors are shaped like a barrel with caps at the ends. Thus there is no space without instrumentation around the impact point which prevents any particles can escape undetected CERN explains in his press kit.
LHC detectors are
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC aparatus), the largest detector ever built. Its main feature is a system of magnets in the form of donut surrounding the point of impact. It is designed to detect a wide range of phenomena which is known as a general purpose detector.
LHCb (Large Hadron Collider Bottom) is to study antimatter to understand why our Universe "chose" to settle the matter and not antimatter.
The CMS (Compact Muon Selene) is the other LHC multipurpose detector. Its most important task is to find the Higgs boson miraculous. Although the number of collisions is very large, the production of "divine will be very small particles, which require 2 to three years of experimentation in order have sufficient data to determine if the elusive particle was pleased to arise.
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) will be responsible for looking at the creation. Inside Lead protons collide to produce the plasma quark - gluon soup of particles from which our universe evolved to what it is.
